犬尿石症病因分析
作者:任俊玲,李和平,马恒东*
【摘要】:犬尿结石症的发病率在1.2%~2.8%,结石成分主要分为磷酸盐、草酸盐、尿酸盐、胱氨酸、硅酸盐结石等。母犬比公犬的发病率高,3岁左右犬多发,冬夏两季较为流行(1.93%,1.23%),以膀胱结石最常见,小种髯犬、腊肠犬、比格犬、京巴、西施犬等品种易发。各种阳离子摄入的减少、氨基酸之间的相互影响以及饮水量不足等营养性因素对结石形成影响较大。尿液中葡萄球菌属、链球菌属、变形菌属细菌是结石形成的重要因素
- 【关键字】:
- 犬;尿石症;病因
- 【参考文献】:
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2.6营养因素
邓益锋等在临床治疗犬尿结石症时发现,8例患犬都是以鸭肝等高蛋白为食物[11] 。这种单调和不科学的饲喂方式导致犬营养成分的缺失或过剩而发生结石。Hoppe[12] 研究24例胱氨酸结石犬的20种氨基酸的排泄时发现,与早期调查比较,其中5种以上的氨基酸量的排泄量增加[12] 。与正常犬相比,胱氨酸、精氨酸、赖氨酸、谷氨酸等明显增加;Stevenson研究结石症患犬在钠、钾、钙和磷的摄人上明显偏低,尿中草酸钙浓度、钙的排泄量和草酸钙的过饱和度都高于对照[13] 。;长期饮水不足,引起尿液浓缩,致使盐类浓度过高而促进尿石的形成。相对来说,商品狗粮和杂食性的食物营养成分比较均衡,结石的发病率比较低。一般含10.5%蛋白质(干物质)和70%水分的日粮对犬尿酸盐结石有预防作用。
2.7细菌性因素
Brown等通过导管插人术和擦拭组织取得259个样本进行细菌学培养分离,引起犬尿石症最常见的微生物是葡萄球菌属、埃希氏菌属、链球菌属、变形菌属、克雷白菌属?的细菌。Ling研究发现,尿结石的发生与尿或结石中分离出的细菌相联系[14] 。葡萄球菌常在公母犬中分离到(母犬54%,公犬30%),而母犬分离出的细菌87.6%为单一细菌种属,公犬则为90%。母犬中约98%能培养出纯葡萄球菌的病例与鸟粪石的发生有关,公犬则为80%。另外肠道中的乳酸杆菌可以降低肠内草酸盐,如乳酸杆菌数量的变化可引起草酸盐结石的发生。
2.8其他因素
由于尿液中脲酶浓度增加,活性提高,导致尿液中pH值的变化。如在碱性尿中,鸟粪石发病率大为升高,而尿酸盐结石和胱氨酸结石则出现在酸性尿液中;Feldman对210条甲状腺机能亢进病犬调查表明,所有病犬都有高钙血症,65%有低磷酸盐血症[15] 。甲状腺机能亢进病犬常伴发尿结石和尿路感染;Hess研究发现,患肾上腺皮质激素亢进犬可能发生尿结石的几率是没有患该病的犬的10倍[16] 。预防和治疗肾上腺皮质亢进可以降低犬结石发生率。
3讨论与小结
尿石症是一直困扰动物界(包括人类)的重要内科疾病之一,在兽医临床上越来越常见。深入研究犬尿结石形成原因,可为防治本病提供依据,也可为人类结石症的解决开辟捷径。国内对尿结石回顾性研究的病例样本数少,相关病案记录不详细,对分析统计带来一定的难度。到目前为止,国内报道最多的为56例,而国外样本数最多可达上万例。重视和加强对兽医院患病动物病案记录与统计,有利于兽医工作者对本病的研究。犬尿结石的预防,应注意避免饲喂单一的日粮,如鸡肝、猪肝、瘦肉,在日粮中添加蔬菜,以及适当的杂粮,可保证犬营养全面。同时大量清洁的饮水是必不可少的,最好是饲喂磁化水。通过手术去除结石是非常好的方法,但是在出现排尿困难、尿频、血尿等症状的犬中,还要考虑其他原发性因素,以治疗原发病防止犬尿结石的复发。