良性胆管狭窄治疗进展

作者:蒋唯松,龚彪,别里克

【摘要】:胆管瘢痕狭窄治疗棘手且预后极差。因此,对胆管瘢痕狭窄形成机制和防治方法的深入研究具有重要的意义。文章主要就良性胆管狭窄的治疗等做一综述。

  • 【关键字】:
  • 良性胆管狭窄; 内镜; 支撑引流; 手术
  • 【参考文献】:
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综    述

良性胆管狭窄治疗进展

蒋唯松,龚彪,别里克

文章编号: 1005 -2194( 2011) 12 -0956 -03  中图分类号: R575. 7  文献标志码: A

提要: 胆管瘢痕狭窄治疗棘手且预后极差。因此,对胆管瘢痕狭窄形成机制和防治方法的深入研究具有重要的意义。文章主要就良性胆管狭窄的治疗等做一综述。

关键词: 良性胆管狭窄; 内镜; 支撑引流; 手术

Current advances in treatment of benign biliary stricture. JIANG Wei-song,GONG biao,BIE Li-ke. Department

of Digestive Diseases,School of Medicine,Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200025,China

Summary: Benign biliary stricture is very difficult to treat and its prognosis is poor. It is, therefore, very importantto conduct in-depth investigation into the mechanisms related to biliary tract stricture. This article reviewsthe current technical advances concerning prevention and treatment of benign biliary stricture.

Keywords: benign biliary stricture; endoscope; stents insertion; surgery

随着腹腔镜手术及肝移植术的普遍开展,胆管狭窄的发生率居高不下,突出表现为术后胆道瘢痕性孪缩和管腔狭窄,尤以肝门部或肝门部以上胆管狭窄为著[1]。良性胆管狭窄的处理一直是困扰临床医生的一大难题,目前临床上对胆管良性狭窄,特别是对胆管损伤后狭窄的预防和治疗方法主要有胆道损伤的早期手术修补吻合、狭窄处切开整形后胆肠吻合、用T 型管或普通支架支撑等[2],但术后的再狭窄率仍高达60%[3],更有报道,其中70% ~ 80% 的患者在胆管术后继发胆管狭窄[4],由此引发梗阻性黄疸,造成全身多器官损害,成为难以矫治的术后并发症[5],给患者带来了长期的痛苦和高昂的治疗费用。近年来,广大学者致力于探索和研究更新的且更为有效的预防和治疗胆管良性狭窄的方法。本文就这些研究做一综述。

1 外科手术治疗

目前对良性胆管狭窄手术时机的把握尚有争议,有些问题有待达成共识。胆管良性狭窄手术时机的选择十分关键,时机掌握不好常导致手术再次失败。以Bismuth 等[6]为代表的传统观点是首先作好引流,待肝管汇合部扩张至1. 0 cm 以上时,才施行修复手术,因此需要等待2 ~ 3 个月的时间。国内以黄志强为代表的较多专家更趋向于早期修复手术[7] ,理由是损伤狭窄的肝胆管并不一定均能扩张至要求的程度,在部分性胆管狭窄时,上端胆管常表现为进行性的管壁增厚和肝脏纤维化改变而不是胆管扩张,使后期手术更加困难。加上近年的影像检查能早期确定诊断,手术后应用抗生素,局部的炎症反应改变较轻( 特别是腹腔镜胆囊切除术所致的胆管损伤) ,早期修复胆管损伤时,胆管壁软而薄,容易做到较满意的吻合。而关于良性胆管狭窄手术方式的选择更是各家争论的焦点。Bismuth Ⅰ型且术中发现的胆管横断,如没有张力,则可行端端吻合术。高位狭窄的修复可采用多种方法。多数Bismuth Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型狭窄,可通过解剖左肝管径路,以充分显露胆管,有时在某些Bismuth Ⅳ型患者需要游离甚至切开肝方叶。此外还有各种胆肠重建手术方式,如胆管空肠吻合术; 间置空肠胆管十二指肠吻合术; 肝门胆管十二指肠端端大口吻合,并十二指肠球部与十二指肠Ⅲ段同步端侧吻合术; 腹腔镜下行Roux-Y 吻合术[8]等。Oddi 括约肌功能的重要性开始重新被关注, 1980 年冉瑞图教授提出,对狭窄胆管整形时保留Oddi 括约肌的生理功能来制止反流的设想,并报道了成功的病例。但是上述术式适应证少,仅适用于胆管狭窄段窄、周围炎症轻的患者。石景森等[9]总结如下: ( 1) 肝外胆管狭窄: 可采用胆管端端吻合术、胆管修复术、胆肠吻合术等,其中胆肠吻合术又包括: 胆管十二指肠吻合术、胆管空肠Roux-Y 吻合术、胆管空肠十二指肠吻合术等; ( 2) 肝门部胆管狭窄: 有空肠左肝管吻合术、左右肝管空肠吻合术、肝管成形、肝胆管空肠吻合术、肝叶肝段切除肝胆管空肠吻合术等; ( 3) 胆总管下端狭窄则采用经十二指肠Odd's 括约肌切开成形术。

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